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Water footprint calculator describes overall water use
17.3.2023
The water footprint calculator created by the Finnish Environment Institute is an interesting tool for examining your water footprint. This calculator available on the vesi.fi
Sustainable use of water resources takes a leap to a new level – Finnish Environment Institute participates in historic UN Water Conference
20.3.2023
The UN Water Conference in New York on 22–24 March will mark World Water Day in an extraordinary way this year. The Finnish Environment Institute
Finnish companies set to become leaders in water stewardship by 2030 – what does it take?
22.3.2023
A target has been set for Finnish companies to become leaders in water stewardship by 2030 as a part of the national implementation of the
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Vesi.fi – precise and up-to-date water information now also in English
17.3.2023
The Finnish Environment Institute has published an English version of its vesi.fi web service, which contains plenty of general information on water, latest snapshots of
Finland launches an inter-ministerial water stewardship action plan in support of fair water footprints
17.3.2023
As a part of the Water Action Agenda of the UN 2023 Water Conference, Finland launches an inter-ministerial water stewardship action plan in support of
CORRECTION: The blue-green algae situation calm both in the Baltic Sea and in lakes
8.6.2023
The blue-green algae situation has remained calm in sea areas and inland waters, as typical in early summer. Some blue-green algae observations have been made
Looking for Solutions for Arsenic in Drinking Water in Nepal
24.2.2023
Arsenic contamination of groundwater is an environmental health problem in several regions affecting many people, especially in developing countries. In Asian countries high arsenic levels
The number of blue-green algae observations has increased slightly in inland waters and on the coast of Southwest Finland
8.8.2024
Somewhat more blue-green algae have been detected in inland waters and coastal areas than last week. Inland water observations have been made especially in the
Expert network launched to support Finnish companies to become leaders in water stewardship by 2030
17.3.2023
The Finnish Water Stewardship Expert Network has been founded to support Finnish companies to become leaders in water stewardship by 2030. The network has been
Earlier-than-usual observations of blue-green algae in marine areas, situation in inland waters typical for early summer
20.6.2024
The warm weather in early summer and early warming of the sea water brought forward blue-green algae observations in the offshore areas of the Gulf
Warm weather has increased blue-green algae observations in inland waters, on the coasts and in the Gulf of Finland area
27.6.2024
The number of blue-green algae observations has increased since last week. As a result of the warmer weather, the occurrences of blue-green algae in inland
Warm weather has increased the number of blue-green algae observations in inland waters and sea areas
13.7.2023
Observations on blue-green algae have increased this week, as a result of warm weather, both in inland waters and at sea. For example, the summer’s
Relatively small amount of blue-green algae have been observed in inland waters, but there are plenty of observations on the coast and in the open sea
25.7.2024
The blue-green algae situation has remained stable in inland waters, and slightly less blue-green algae than in previous monitoring years have been observed. Blue-green algae
The blue-green algae situation has remained stable since last week, unstable and windy weather slows down the growth of blue-green algae
4.7.2024
The blue-green algae situation has remained stable since last week. In inland waters, blue-green algae observations have slightly decreased, and the algae situation in coastal
Windy and rainy weather has curbed blue-green algae blooms in lakes and sea areas
1.8.2024
Unstable weather has reduced blue-green algae blooms since last week. Cooled and rainy weather and winds have mixed the water mass and reduced blue-green algae
Cool and rainy weather has kept the blue-green algae situation calm on lakes and at sea
6.7.2023
This week, the amount of blue-green algae observations in inland waters and on the coast has been below average, as a result of cool weather
Blue-green algae observations increased slightly in inland waters and coastal areas
15.6.2023
The blue-green algae situation remains calm, even though observations in lakes and coastal areas have increased. Abundant blooms of blue-green algae have been observed at
Slight increase in blue-green algae observations in inland waters
11.7.2024
Blue-green algae observations have increased slightly throughout the country, and observations have been made even in Lapland. Blue-green algae now occur in the Gulf of
Blue-green algae observations have increased in coastal and open sea areas
18.7.2024
Blue-green algae observations have increased in coastal and open sea areas, but the situation in inland waters is typical of the season. Blue-green algae have
Blue-green algae observations increased in inland waters and at sea during Midsummer week
22.6.2023
The blue-green algae situation in inland waters is calm as typical in early summer, even though blue-green algae observations have increased since last week. On
Reduced wind increases surface blooms of blue-green algae
24.8.2023
There have been sightings of blue-green algae in almost all of Finland this week. Although the sightings have increased, the situation remains typical for inland
Strong winds have dispersed blue-green algae surface blooms in inland waters and at sea
10.8.2023
The blue-green algae situation in lakes is calm considering the time period. Even in sea areas, blue-green algae have only been detected in subsurface layers
The blue-green algae situation has deteriorated significantly in inland waters and coastal areas, also abundant blue-green algae in sea areas
29.6.2023
Blue-green algae observations from lakes and coastal areas have doubled since last week, as a result of warm weather. Observations have even been made in
Blue-green algae situation has calmed down at sea and in lakes
31.8.2023
The amount of blue-green algae in sea areas and lakes has clearly decreased this week. Inland waters and coastal areas no longer have any observations
Blue-green algae situation has remained stable both in lakes and at sea
17.8.2023
Blue-green algae observations in lakes and coastal areas have increased slightly since last week. However, the situation is normal for the season and, in lakes,
Unstable weather has kept the blue-green algae situation calm in lakes, surface blooms observed at sea
3.8.2023
Somewhat less blue-green algae have been observed in lakes and coastal areas than last week, but blue-green algae may still appear mixed with water. Cloudy
Windy weather has restrained blue-green algae blooms
20.7.2023
The number of blue-green algae observations in lakes and coastal areas has decreased, due to the windy weather this week. Comprehensive satellite observations in sea
Summer algae forecast: Warm and calm weather conditions can lead to powerful blooms of blue-green algae in the Baltic Sea
1.6.2023
In sea areas blooms of algae in the spring consume nitrogen, while leaving phosphorus-based nutrients for the blue-green algae that appear in the summer. Warm
Proposal for 18 major flood risk areas in Finland
15.4.2024
Finland’s ELY centres propose that 18 areas in Finland should be considered zones with a significant risk of flooding in sea areas and internal water
AI service for optical camera network “When will ice break?” released
31.10.2023
The new “When will ice break? service uses artificial intelligence to identify the amount and location of snow, water and ice in stream environments from game
Water information: Short articles
Quick start guide for a flood
The key is looking after your and your family’s safety. It is important to listen to and comply with the authorities’ bulletins, alarms and instructions.
Ministry of the Environment
The Ministry of the Environment’s goal is achieving a good ecological status of Finnish lakes and rivers as well as the Baltic Sea. The attainment
Water and wastewater services during power outages
What happens to water services if there is a power outage? Will there be water on the tap? Can I use the toilet? Water utilities
Where does tap water come from?
Each person in Finland normally consumes slightly over one hundred litres of water a day, while some use up to two hundred litres. Most people
History of tap water
The history of tap water in Finland goes back 140 years. Over the decades, the quality of tap water has improved.
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Virtual water and the water footprint
Virtual or hidden water refers to all water consumed during the product’s life cycle from raw material production until the product is treated as waste.
Protecting groundwaters is vital
Protecting groundwaters is vital because once contaminated, groundwater is extremely difficult to remediate. We can all do our share in looking after groundwaters.
What is the price of water?
One litre of bottled water may cost several euros, compared to which the price of tap water is hardly worth mentioning. And while water from
Who is responsible for defective water services?
Water utilities ensure that customers connected to the water distribution network are provided with tap water that meets the quality criteria.
Natural and artificially recharged groundwater
One glance at a map reveals that Finland is a country with a lot of water. A large part of our fresh water is hidden
Do we have sufficient groundwater reserves?
There is no need to worry about groundwater running out, as it is constantly replenished, whereas the contamination of groundwater is a greater risk.
Water from a well or the tap?
Those living in the countryside have traditionally obtained their water from private wells. Water distribution and sewer networks are today also expanding to sparsely populated
Responsible water use
Water responsibility means that a company answers for its entire water consumption, including the water needed to produce the raw materials and semi-finished products it
What makes water brown?
Rather than ever being just pure water, water from natural sources always contains many other substances, some of which stain the water.
Is a lake thriving or not?
The waters of a lake look clear and blue. Does this mean that the lake is in a good condition? How is the status of
Surface water varies in temperature
Surface water temperature in the sea and lakes varies following an annual cycle. Not all years are the same, however, and weather conditions have a
Why do we pay water rates?
The basic rate collected by a water utility covers the maintenance of the water treatment plant and the distribution network, whereas the metered charge is
Hard or soft water?
Hardness refers to the concentrations of certain minerals in water, mainly calcium and magnesium.
How is tap water produced?
A city’s water supply plant is like a deserted spa with pumps humming, water tinkling from one basin to another and a humid smell in
How is water management optimised in agriculture and forestry?
Catchment-level water management benefits landowners while promoting water protection and biodiversity.
Snow and soil frost affect groundwater resources
When rainwater is infiltrated into the ground, it replenishes groundwater reserves. But what happens to groundwater in winter when precipitation falls as snow and the
Climate change and groundwater quality
The consequences of climate change may include greater fluctuations in groundwater levels. Wintertime levels are likely to be slightly higher than today.
The water cycle
Water is in constant motion, moving from place to place and changing its form on the way.
Wastewaters in sparsely populated areas
Around one out of ten Finnish people live in sparsely populated areas not served by sewer networks, but properties in these areas are today also
How is our drinking water supply secured in emergencies?
Water utilities are prepared for coping with various incidents. Regardless of this, situations may arise where they are forced to cut off the water supply.
What if my tap water is defective?
The quality of tap water is usually consistent, but sometimes you may notice a stain or funny taste in it. What causes it, and what
Who owns water areas?
While a lake has no boundary markers, property boundaries may still run across a water body. So who owns water areas in Finland? The ownership
How can I save water?
While water is a renewable natural resource, it is not inexhaustible. Saving water is good for both the environment and your purse.
Wise recreational use of waters
Recreational use of waters is getting more popular and finding new forms. For recreational purposes, it is important that lakes, rivers and the sea remain
Soil frost affects water services
For Finnish water and wastewater services, soil frost is a hard nut to crack. Its impacts must be accounted for when building a well, water
Is the water safe for swimming?
How can you tell if water is safe to swim in? What kinds of problems can affect bathing water?
A well must be maintained
Wells usually supply good-quality groundwater. To ensure that the water remains fresh and good for your health, however, you must look after and maintain your
Wastewater treatment systems for sparsely populated areas
If you live in a rural area, you can select the treatment technique best suited for the needs of your property.
Are population centres polluting waters?
Wastewaters produced by cities and other population centres are today treated efficiently. Do they continue to pollute waters? What about in sparsely populated areas?
Well water quality
Well water quality should be tested regularly. A limited test should be carried out once every three years, and a more extensive analysis every six
Repairs to the water distribution network
Water pipes become dilapidated over time. If an old pipe breaks, tap water may become contaminated, which is why the water distribution network requires constant
What is water used for?
Around one million cubic metres of water are abstracted in Finland every hour, but only a small share of this volume ends up on our
Water resources management requires planning
The objective of water resources management is to ensure that the status of all surface water and groundwater is at least good and that it
Is your well running dry? Report your observation!
You can report observations of dry wells on the vesi.fi web service. When the water in a well runs dry, this indicates that the groundwater
Natural stormwater management
Natural stormwater management has many advantages: it reduces pollution in rivers and lakes, mitigates flood damage, enriches urban nature and even saves money.
How is the status of waters monitored?
Such parties as water protection associations, industrial plants, municipalities and the central government’s environmental administration take part in the monitoring.
Peat production is declining – what does this mean for waters?
Do the emissions stop when peat is no longer harvested? The answer depends on what happens on the site.
How much water do the Finnish lakes hold?
On a map, Finland looks like a country with a lot of water. Lakes account for around one tenth of the country’s surface area. How
Sensitive groundwaters of coastal sulphate soils
Drought and decreased groundwater levels are consequently a particular risk in areas with acid sulphate soils.
Climate change and seasonal water resources
Climate change is expected to increase precipitation especially in winter, and as winters will also become milder, a larger share of the precipitation will come
Climate change increases water pollution
Climate change will affect water quality and aquatic environments in many ways, and all of the consequences cannot yet be predicted.
Is industrial pollution still contaminating waters?
Industrial wastewater emissions are subject to stringent regulation and monitoring. Different industries have also made major investments in water protection.
Many types of shipping and boating
The large number of different watercraft reflects the importance of waterborne transport. For centuries, the sea and inland waterways have offered a convenient way of
Caring for your local waters
Participate in discussions and exert influence! Get involved in water protection activities in your area. By getting it right and showing consideration for aquatic environments
Managing transboundary waters
Water bodies do not respect national borders. Rivers flow from one country to another, and a boundary may also be drawn across a lake. Finland
Fluctuating water levels
Fed by melting snow, a river becomes a torrent in spring. In late summer the same river may look tame and quiet.
Can water pollution from farming be reduced?
Agriculture is the greatest culprit for eutrophication in Finnish water bodies: more than one half of anthropogenic nutrient emissions come from farming.
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
Water plays a key role in climate change adaptation. Together with its partners, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry strives to anticipate the challenges created
Aquatic plants are sensitive to change
Aquatic plants have many tasks. They keep the water clean, bind sediments and sequester carbon dioxide, and create a sheltered habitat for other species. But
Where does wastewater go in the sewers?
What would life be like without underground sewers? Wastewaters would flow in open drains, and the stink would be revolting.
Why are rivers and lakes regulated?
Water levels in lakes vary seasonally, as do flow rates in rivers. These natural cycles are altered by humans for many different reasons.
Diverse and functioning aquatic ecosystems
Finland has not only many water bodies but also many different types of waters. Each one has its typical biocoenosis, which maintains a complicated but
Putting price on the recreational value of waters
If the benefits created by aquatic environments can be identified and defined, they can also be accounted for in spatial planning and decision-making.
Fluctuating sea levels
People living by oceans are accustomed to tides: the sea goes in and out regularly. While there are little or no tides in the Baltic
Local water situation
The Local water situation tool is a handy way of checking the local hydrological situation, wherever in Finland you happen to be.
What goes on at a wastewater treatment plant?
The wastewater goes through a multi-stage cleaning process, each stage of which is closely monitored and precisely managed.
Mitigating the impacts of forest drainage on waters
In the late 20th century, Finnish peatlands were drained energetically to promote silviculture. While these ditches still discharge nutrients and other substances into water bodies,
When oxygen depletion strikes
Dead fish are floating in the water and the stink is terrible. Oxygen depletion is a hazard that usually lurks at the bottom, but in
Government projects on water resources management
The central government has completed numerous water resources management projects to promote the management and use of aquatic resources in Finland. The range of these
Indicators for a good status of waters
The objective of water resources management is to ensure that the status of all surface waters and groundwater is at least good, and that it
Optimising land drainage with natural methods
Land drainage plays a large role in farming and forestry in Finland. Excess water must be led away in order for crops and trees to
Are there toxins in water bodies?
Small concentrations of environmental toxins can be found in Finnish lakes and rivers. Where do they come from, and do they put human health or
Where does water pollution come from?
While reduced emissions have helped Finnish lakes and rivers recover, they continue to be affected by diffuse pollution originating from extensive areas.
Diversity of aquatic species
Even a small pond is teeming with life. How many different species of animals and plants are there in Finnish lakes and rivers, and which
Finnish Environment Institute
The Finnish Environment Institute is a research and development organisation in the environmental sector that produces information and solutions for protecting and managing aquatic and
Restoring your local waters
Restoration projects can be promoted by a village committee or management association, or sometimes a dedicated association or committee needs to be set up.
Regulated watercourses
While many rivers in Finland have been dammed and a number of lakes are regulated, regulation does not affect all water areas.
National Water Management and Restoration Network
The Water Management and Restoration Network is a national forum for citizens, communities, businesses and authorities interested in the status of lakes and rivers and
The multiple aims of river and lake regulation
Any project aiming at regulating the water level or the flow of a river or lake must account for the different objectives for the use
Invigorating rain
Rain after a period of drought is like a breath of new life for the dry earth. Plants recover and the whole world looks brighter.
Let’s build a well!
Thousands of wells are sunk in Finland every year. What should you take into consideration when you start planning a new well?
What causes eutrophication?
Eutrophication is caused by nitrogen and phosphorus emissions into the water. Nutrients are carried into lakes both with wastewaters and from fields and forests.
What goes on in the world of fish?
A fish depends on the lake or river in which it lives. An ideal water body offers stable conditions but also different habitats and food
How are industrial emissions into waters regulated?
Emissions from industrial plants are subject to the Environmental Protection Act, which aims to prevent pollution and reduce emissions.
Flooding on the coast
A storm raised by low pressure may cause the sea level to rise quickly, and in the worst case, residential areas may be flooded and
Microplastics in water
Microplastics are not a problem that exclusively affects the oceans. They are also found in Finnish lakes and rivers, where they can pose an environmental
Proactive flood prevention
Harmful floods can be prevented proactively, especially by means of river regulation, water level regulation in lakes and floodwater management.
When water looks or smells weird
What should you do when a brook has weird scum on it or smells odd? Or funny-looking goop has washed onto the lake shore?
What is sustainable waterborne transport like?
In waterborne transport, safety is a key issue for ensuring that neither human lives nor the wellbeing of the environment are put at risk.
Who is allowed to dig a ditch and where?
Can you dig a drainage ditch on your own property? Do you need to notify the authorities or apply for a permit if you want
Living at the bottom
While water is a three-dimensional environment, a large share of aquatic fauna lives at the bottom. The bottom is a safe place, but only for
What causes fish kills?
Dead fish are floating in shallow waters along the shore while others appear to be barely alive. What has happened to the lake? Why are
When drought strikes
Droughts are a relative matter, as what is exceptionally dry in our country may be normal elsewhere. If the rainfall amount is much lower than
Fishing and everyone’s rights
Angling and ice fishing are free of charge for everyone. There is also no charge for herring fishing with a single rod. For other forms
ELY Centres
The customer advisers for environmental matters at ELY Centres answer questions relating to the environment and, for example, can provide guidance for initiating lake or
Periphyton indicate the status of a water body
Pier posts covered in grey fluff, treacherous shoreline rocks, a slimy fishing net. You can find periphyton on a wide range of underwater surfaces. Periphyton
Plankton – just drifting along
Planktonic organisms are so small that you cannot see their details with the naked eye. Under a microscope, the world of plankton opens out in
How do you recognize blue-green algae?
You can see little specks in water. Could it be blue-green algae, or some other algae species? Or something else altogether? How can you tell
Become an amateur hydrologist!
Järvi-meriwiki is a great data resource on lakes and the sea. Why not become an amateur hydrologist or limnologist and gather data on your local
History of river and lake regulation
The earliest regulation projects involved lowering the water level in lakes to gain more fertile agricultural land.
Responsible boating
A responsible boater shows consideration for both other people and the aquatic and coastal environment.
Shoreline restoration promotes recreational use
Many shores lose their openness gradually. Reed beds expand, the shore becomes shallower and soft silt builds up at the bottom. Could restoration make a
Alien aquatic species
Alien species are animals or plants that have been introduced by humans, either deliberately or unknowingly.
Springs need to be restored
If you are planning to restore a spring found on your land, contact the Finnish Forest Centre or your regional Centre for Economic Development, Transport
Water level regulation permits
Regulation permits are granted by the Regional State Administrative Agency. When considering the matter, the Agency weighs different aspects.
Changing climate shapes aquatic life
Aquatic flora and fauna have adjusted to our current climate. How is climate change affecting aquatic species and the entire ecosystem?
Impacts of river and lake regulation
Regulation changes the natural flow rate or water level of a lake or river. What impacts does this have?
Barriers to migration cut off streams
Fish and many other aquatic organisms can only move from one place to another through water. If they come across a dam or inexpertly installed
Who makes decisions about river regulation?
The holder of a regulation permit may be a hydropower company, the central government, a land drainage company or some other operator, or even a
Spring floods in rivers
The ultimate reason for a spring flood is snowmelt, and if the winter has brought a lot of snow, the spring will turn it into
Fisheries management and restoration
The cornerstone of fisheries management and restoration is the ability of the lake or river to produce fish, which can be undermined by many factors.
Artificial lakes serve many purposes
What is the point of constructing artificial lakes in Finland? We already have tens of thousands of lakes. Why have artificial lakes been constructed, and
Rainstorms and flash flooding
A single day’s rainfall can exceed the usual monthly precipitation. Rainstorms cause flash flooding, especially in cities.
Frazil ice causes winter floods
In winter, a river may be struck by a frazil ice flood, a peculiar phenomenon which may arise quickly if the conditions are right.
Where does the snow go in spring?
Snow can start disappearing very quickly in spring. Evaporation of snow mostly occurs in sunny weather when the air temperature is a few degrees above
Which fish species are caught in Finland?
Dozens of edible fish species that provide healthy and sustainably produced food are found in Finnish waters.
Can lakes be restored?
What should be done about a lake affected by severe eutrophication – where algae blooms and oxygen depletion are annual events or the entire lake
Funding a restoration project
An application for a grant for a restoration project can be addressed to the central government, and the Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the
Is fish farming a growing industry?
More than one half of all fish consumed by humans has been farmed, and Finnish people also eat more farmed than wild-caught fish.
Can fish stocks run out?
Regeneration of fish populations is a precondition for preserving the fish fauna. Fish stocks will not run out as long as we maintain sustainable fish
Am I living in a flood risk area?
How can I tell if my home is in a flood risk area? You can find the answer on the Finnish Environment Institute’s flood map
Is the ice strong enough?
Fast ice, black ice, pack ice, drift ice, slush ice, grease ice. Ice comes in many forms, and you should be familiar with them before
The annual cycles of soil frost
When the ground temperature drops below freezing, any water contained in the soil freezes. This results in soil frost, or soil that is frozen solid.
Natural Resources Institute Finland
The Natural Resources Institute Finland’s research creates value and solutions for national and international challenges, including climate-wise carbon cycling, adaptable and resilient bioeconomy, profitable and
Dams and stream environments
A fishway that imitates a natural brook can enrich the stream environment and partly make up for the loss of ecological values resulting from the
Could dams be demolished?
Removing larger power plant dams would not make sense, as these plants make a contribution to climate change mitigation by producing emission-free electricity.
Parasites are part of a healthy aquatic ecosystem
Parasites are so common in aquatic ecosystems that parasitism must be a successful way of life. Parasites’ life cycles can be highly complex, however. Many
Preparing for floods
Society prepares for floods in many ways, and individual residents in flood risk areas can also take precautions.
Climate change and the hydrological situation
Global climate models predict that rainfall amounts in Finland will increase by at least 5%, but possibly as much as 30%.
How are flood risks managed?
There is a high awareness of flood risks in Finland. The authorities’ tasks related to reducing flood damage and preparing for floods are defined in
Fish passes
The spawning grounds of sea trout and other migratory fish often are found in the upper reaches of rivers. While dams and other barriers hinder
Height systems and the sea level
Height systems based on high-precision levelling have been used in Finland for more than a century.
Dam safety
According to the Dam Safety Act, the owner of the dam is responsible for ensuring that the dam is safe and operates as designed.
How much does snow weigh?
If you live in a single-family house, the key is looking after your own and other people’s safety. You must make sure that snow sliding
Climate change and floods
Spring floods are created when a thick layer of snow melts quickly. Climate change is reducing snow cover and bringing us milder winters and warmer
Stream restoration
Restoration can help stream habitats to recover and their typical plant and animal species to return, which also increases the recreational value of streams.
Theme pages
Five steps of water stewardship progression
Five steps of water stewardship progression Click on the numbers to display the actions of each step.
Regional water clusters
Four regional clusters of innovation bring together research activities and companies for productive cooperation on topical water issues and for developing smart technologies and services
Water footprint
Water footprint describes total water use A water footprint illustrates the water intensity of our lifestyles. The greater the water footprint, the larger the volume
World-leading research
Get familiar with Finnish research centres and the Aalto University, which have placed themselves at the very forefront of water research and cover a wide
The Water Stewardship Commitment
The Water Stewardship Commitment The Water Stewardship Commitment challenges companies to identify water risks in their value chains and to make sure that their operation
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Colours of the water footprint
Water footprint colours Click on the numbers to see what each colour represents.
Ways of reducing the water footprint
Ways of reducing the water footprint Click on the numbers to see how each group can make a difference.
Water stewardship
Water stewardship means that a company’s water use is not only environmentally sustainable but also socially and culturally just and economically feasible.
Water-smart circular economy
Water-smart circular economy Water can be seen as part of circular economy. The objective of circular economy is to use the Earth’s finite natural resources
Laitepuhdistamot
Laitepuhdistamot Laitepuhdistamot ovat tehdasvalmisteisia jäteveden käsittelyjärjestelmiä. Laitepuhdistamo on hyvä valinta jätevesien käsittelyyn erityisesti silloin, kun tontilla ei ole tarpeeksi tilaa maapuhdistamolle tai kun maaperä on kallioinen.
Education system
Finland is known as a country that believes in education. Our education system offers the best performance at all levels for educating professionals for water-related
Laitepuhdistamoja kaikille jätevesille
Kotitalousjätevesien käsittelyyn on suunniteltu erilaisia laite- eli pienpuhdistamoita, jotka sopivat erityisesti pienelle tontille. Alla on päivittyvä listaus Suomessa yleisesti saatavilla olevista, kaikkien kotitalousjätevesien käsittelyyn soveltuvista laitepuhdistamoista.
Laitepuhdistamoja harmaille jätevesille
Jätevesi on niin sanottua harmaata jätevettä, jos se on peräisin ainoastaan pesemisestä, siivoamisesta, keittiöstä tai muusta vastaavasta, eikä sisällä WC-vesiä. Harmaavesipuhdistamon hankinta edellyttää, että kiinteistön
Other pages
Finnish companies set to become leaders in water stewardship by 2030 – what does it take?
A target has been set for Finnish companies to become leaders in water stewardship by 2030 as a part of the national implementation of the
Water glossary
Befuddled by bifurcation? Perplexed by permafrost? Mystified by mean discharge? Find aquatic entries in Water glossary
Groundwater situation
Ajankohtainen pohjavesitilanne sekä paljon tärkeää lisätietoa pohjavesistä.
Water situation
Koko maata koskeva yleinen vesitilanne sekä linkit alueellisiin vesitilanteisiin.
Water glossary
Water body
A water body is a concept used in water resources management that refers to a lake or another distinct body of water. According to the
Classification of groundwater areas
Groundwater areas are classified on the basis of their suitability for water supply and protection needs: Class 1 comprises groundwater areas that are important for
Groundwater level
Groundwater level describes the surface level of groundwater and its fluctuations. Factors affecting the groundwater level include the size of the groundwater body, precipitation, meltwaters,
Water distribution area
The Health Protection Act contains provisions on water distribution areas. A water distribution area refers to a uniform part of a water distribution network where
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Stormwater
Stormwater is water from rain and snowmelt flowing along streets and property surfaces. Stormwaters must be managed. The primary aim is to infiltrate stormwaters into
Stormwater drain
A stormwater drain, or rainwater sewer, is a sewer that is separate from wastewater sewers. It leads away rain and drainage water accumulated in yards,
Water and wastewater services
Water and wastewater services are an important basic function of society. The purpose of water services is to safeguard access to clean and high-quality tap
Stormwater pond
A stormwater pond is a structure for collecting, retaining and cleaning stormwater. Stormwaters are directed to a stormwater pond either as surface runoff or through
Water quality
Water quality is an indication of how suitable the water is for its intended use, for example as tap water. In the context of natural
Colour of water
The colour of water varies in natural water bodies depending on the types and concentrations of coloured substances in the water. The most common substances
Groundwater deposit
In the Water Act, a groundwater deposit refers to groundwater stored as a distinct volume of water in the saturation zone. A groundwater deposit may
Water hardness
Water hardness describes the quantity of calcium and magnesium ions in water. The higher the quantity of these ions in water, the harder the water.
Hidden water
Hidden water, or virtual water, refers to the amount of water contained in products. Virtual water includes all water consumed during a product’s life cycle
Virtual water
Virtual water, or hidden water, refers to the amount of water contained in products. Virtual water includes all water consumed during the product’s life cycle
Stormwater network
A stormwater network is a pipe network for moving away stormwaters and drainage water from building foundations. The stormwater network may consist of drain pipes
Drinking Water Directive
The revised EU Drinking Water Directive entered into force in January 2021. Its objective is to protect citizens and the environment from the harmful effects
Water utility report
A water utility report is a report obtained from the water services information system (VEETI) on the operation of a water utility. Various water utility
Lentic water
Lentic water refers to water bodies with no essential flow. This means that lentic water is the opposite of flowing (lotic) water. Lentic water bodies
Artificially recharged groundwater
Artificially recharged groundwater is groundwater whose volume has been increased by infiltrating lake or river water into the ground. In Finland, nearly 30 water utilities
Stormwater flood
A stormwater flood occurs when it rains so heavily that the city’s stormwater system is overloaded. This means that the rainwater sewers are unable to
Blue water footprint
The blue water footprint refers to the volume of water obtained from natural water reserves, in other words rivers, lakes and groundwater reserves, that is
Groundwater area protection plan
A groundwater area protection plan is an account of and guideline on how groundwater should be taken into account, for example when planning land use
Water Services Act
The objective of the Water Services Act, which was passed in 2001 and subsequently updated, is to ensure access to a sufficient amount of good-quality
Process water
Process water refers to water used by industrial plants in their production processes. Process water usually needs to be treated before it is discharged into
Water co-operative
A water services co-operative, or a water co-operative, is a water utility owned and managed by residents in the form of a co-operative. Water co-operatives
Snow water equivalent
The snow water equivalent refers to the amount of water contained in snow. The water equivalent unit is kg/m2 (snow load). Its value corresponds to
Water level
The water level describes the fluctuations of the surface level of water in the sea and lakes. Factors that affect the water level in lakes
Domestic water treatment plant
A domestic water treatment plant is a small plant intended for treating wastewater in sparsely populated areas. It usually consists of one or more tanks,
Groundwater body
A groundwater body is a distinct volume of groundwater within a porous and permeable soil or bedrock formation that allows a significant flow of groundwater
Water Stewardship Commitment
A Water Stewardship Commitment is a pledge made by a company or some other organisation to develop the sustainable use and management of water in
Water transparency
Water transparency describes the transparency and opacity of water and may also reflect its level of eutrophication. A round white disk (called a Secchi disk)
Surface water
Surface water is water that flows or is stored above the ground. Surface waters include lakes, ponds, rivers and coastal waters.
Surface water temperature
Surface water temperature describes thermal conditions in the surface layer of water (20 cm). The water temperature is influenced not only by the size of
Groundwater
Groundwater refers to all water under the ground surface that fills open spaces in the ground and bedrock. Groundwater is produced when rain or surface
Groundwater recharge area
A recharge area is an area where soil layers conduct water well and where the soil enables significant water infiltration to form groundwater. Based on
Discharge well
A discharge well is a well in a wastewater or stormwater system from which water is discharged into a water body or to some other
Hydrological model
A hydrological model is a mathematical representation of how water travels in a lake and river system and its catchment. The model describes the entire
Hygienic quality of water
The hygienic quality of water refers to a microbiological assessment of whether the water is safe to use. The indicator of hygienic quality is the
Water services operating area
The operating area of water services is the geographic area determined by the municipality in which water utilities provide water services.
Grey water footprint
The grey water footprint refers to the volume of clean water that is consumed at production plants for rinsing and washing and for cleaning a
Emergency high water level
Emergency high water level, or emergency water level, is a concept related to dam safety. It is determined on the basis of the core of
Grey water
Grey water refers to domestic wastewater other than toilet sewage. Such activities as washing, cleaning and kitchen work produce grey water.
Wastewater treatment system
Wastewater treatment system refers to a method and equipment used to collect wastewater, convey it to a treatment plant and treat it. A property located
Water Framework Directive
The Water Framework Directive, or directive establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy 2000/60/EC, is a European Union directive that
Bedrock groundwater
Bedrock groundwater is groundwater that is filtered directly from precipitation or the ground into cracks in the rock. Drilled wells can be used to obtain
Stormwater management
Stormwater management refers to measures that control stormwater accumulation or are associated with leading away and treating stormwaters.
Surface water status
Surface water status refers to the ecological or chemical status of a water body, usually both. Surface waters are classified into five status categories based
Water utility
Under the Water Services Act, a water utility is defined as a plant which manages the water services of a community in an area of
Water scarcity
Water scarcity refers to a situation where water is consumed excessively in proportion to the renewable water resources that are available.
Highest water level
The highest water level (HW), also called the high water level, is the highest water level of an observation period.
Water storage dam
A water storage dam, or a watercourse dam, is a structure that dams water for the needs of flood protection, hydropower production or fish farming,
Water footprint
The water footprint refers to the volume of water consumed by, for instance, a person or a state both directly and through the commodities they
Regulating dam
A regulating dam is a dam structure used to regulate volumetric flow rate and thus the level of water. The regulating dam can, for example,
Septic tank
A septic tank is a tank intended for treating wastewater in which the solids contained in the wastewater settle down to the bottom. In former
Electrical conductivity
Electrical conductivity is one of the parameters of water quality. It indicates the volume of minerals (salts) dissolved in water. Electrical conductivity is usually low
Major Baltic inflow
A major Baltic inflow is a strong inflow of surface water from the North Sea into the Baltic Sea. It brings 200–300 km³ of saline
Pit with shut-off valve
A pit with pipeline shut-off valve may be located in a water, storm water or wastewater drainage system. When the valve is closed, water flow
Outlet channel
An outlet channel is a natural or constructed channel reserved for discharging water from a dammed reservoir, or urban stormwater or other water, into a
Infiltration
Infiltration is a process where water enters the soil from the surface and moves downwards. Infiltration also refers to the deliberate introduction of wastewater, stormwater
Sedimentation pond
A sedimentation pond is a water protection structure of drainage operations. It is often associated with an outlet ditch into which the waters of an
Oxygen content
Oxygen content, or oxygen concentration, is one of the quality elements of surface waters. The amount of dissolved oxygen is associated with water temperature, which
Flood plain
A flood plain is an elongated strip of flat ground along a waterline onto which flood water can rise. The purpose of the flood plain
Acid sulphate soils
Acid sulphate soils are layers of soil with a high sulphur and iron content found on low-lying coasts, especially along the Gulf of Bothnia. Iron
Acidification
Acidification means that the ability of a lake, forest land or other habitat to neutralise acids is reduced. As a result of acidification, the pH
Microplastic
Plastic particles with a diameter of less than half a centimetre are referred to as microplastics. In waters, microplastics often end up in the bodies
Lake turnover
Lake turnover refers to the complete mixing of the water masses of a lake during spring and autumn which breaks down the boundaries between different
Backwater height
Backwater height is the level to which water can rise in the sewer network if, for example, a sewer is blocked.
Small water body
Small water bodies include brooks, ponds, streamlets, ditches and springs as well as small fladas and glo lakes. Small water bodies are sensitive, which means
Stormwater basin
A stormwater basin is a basin used or built for storing or retaining stormwaters.
Joint property management association of a water area
A joint property management association of a water area consists of property owners who have a share in a shared water area. When a person
Stormwater drainage system
A stormwater drainage system is a system consisting of structures intended for managing stormwaters.
Water level regulation
Water level regulation refers to changing water levels and volumetric flow rates using dams or hydropower plant structures.
Stormwater drainage well
A stormwater drainage well is a well for collecting stormwaters. The well may be covered by a grid. It may also have a soil or
Mean water level
The mean water level (MW) is the average water level over a given observation period. It is expressed as height above sea level in some
Restoration of small water bodies
The aim of the restoration of small water bodies is to improve the status of brooks, ponds, springs and other small water bodies. The restoration
Green water footprint
The green water footprint refers to the rainwater transpired by cultivated plants.
Groundwater area
The Environmental Protection Act defines a groundwater area as an area that can be delineated based on geological criteria and within which a soil formation
Water protection association
There are two types of water protection associations: large regional ones and smaller local ones. Local associations usually work to promote the protection or restoration
Water temperature
Water temperature is one of the basic measurements in limnology. Temperatures measured at different depths provide information about the thermal layers in a lake or
Stormwater infiltration structure
A stormwater infiltration structure is a system designed to promote the infiltration of stormwaters through soil layers into the ground.
Blackwater
Blackwater refers to sewage from a flushable toilet. It contains urine and faeces, which makes it more demanding to treat than water used for washing.
Main channel
In the Water Act, a main channel refers to the deepest section of a river which forms a channel for the free flow of water,
Winter drawdown
Winter drawdown is a concept related to the regulation of water bodies. It means that the water level in a lake is lowered during winter
Two-stage channel
A two-stage channel consists of a deeper main channel and flood plains on one or both of its sides. The main channel has water throughout
Leach field
A leach or a leaching field, also called a leaching or seepage bed, is a structure intended for treating wastewater or stormwater in which water
Overland flow
Overland flow is a management method for stormwaters or drainage waters in which water is allowed to flow along a plant-covered surface.
Rain garden
A rain garden is a low-lying area with plant cover into which stormwaters can be led. The water is retained and cleaned in this area,
Drilled well
A drilled well is a borehole drilled into the bedrock from which groundwater is extracted. The capacity of a drilled well is not very high,
Pharmaceutical residues
Pharmaceutical residues refer to pharmaceutical substances that are present in wastewater. They originate in toilet sewage and have ended up there through human excretions or
Biological oxygen demand
Biological oxygen demand (BOD) refers to the amount of oxygen consumed by organic matter in water or wastewater in a biological reaction. The majority of
Buffer strip
A buffer strip, or buffer zone, is a strip between a field or cut forest area and a water body that is not cultivated or
Sewage sludge
Wastewater sludge, or sewage sludge, is sludge generated at sewage treatment plants. Sludge is generated when solids are removed from the wastewater and dissolved impurities
Vaporisation
Vaporisation is the process by which water becomes water vapour at a temperature below the boiling point. During vaporisation, a heavier substance (water) becomes lighter
Flood hazard map
Flood hazard maps describe the areas covered by water and the water depth in a flood as well as the prevailing water level with a
Rating curve
The rating curve describes the ratio of water level and volumetric flow rate in a channel. The rating curve is obtained by measuring volumetric flow
Nitrates Directive
The so-called Nitrates Directive (Council Directive 91/676/EEC concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources) plays an integral role in
Chemical status
The assessment of the chemical status of surface waters is based on whether or not the water fulfils the environmental quality standards for certain hazardous
Sedimentation pit
A sedimentation pit is a water protection structure used in ditch network maintenance. It is a wider and deeper part of a field ditch with
Flood height
Flood height is the maximum level to which flood water rises. Flood height can be used to determine the magnitude of the largest floods observed
Combined sewer
A combined sewer is a sewer that carries both stormwater (rainwater) and sewage. Combined sewers are no longer built, but they may still exist in
Hydraulic engineering
Hydraulic engineering refers to construction in or affecting a water body. It includes dredging, excavation of channels, and building of embankments and dams. For example,
Wastewater treated on site
In sparsely populated areas, wastewaters may be processed at the point of origin rather than being led into the public sewage network.
Iron bacteria
Iron bacteria are bacteria that oxidise iron. Their oxidation products may dye the water of a brook or a ditch brown. Iron can also rise
Diffuse pollution
Diffuse pollution, or non-point source pollution, refers to the pollution loading of a water body that consists of several small emission sources which cannot be
Overland flow field
An overland flow field is a natural or constructed field to which the waters from a drainage area are led. The recommended area of the
Phosphorus filter
The purpose of a phosphorus filter is to reduce the phosphorus load caused by domestic wastewater in sparsely populated areas. A phosphorus filter may be
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is an essential substance for all organisms. Lack of phosphorus limits algae growth in many Finnish aquatic systems. Consequently, a high phosphorus load causes
Drainage plan
A drainage plan must be drawn up if either a permit issued pursuant to the Water Act or drainage proceedings is required for the project.
Maximum concentration
Maximum concentration is the maximum permitted concentration of a hazardous or harmful substance, for example in tap water. The concept of maximum concentration is also
Keystone species
A keystone species is one that offers food, shelter or a substrate for many other species. The decline or disappearance of a keystone species can
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are photosynthetic bacteria that occur naturally in all bodies of surface water. Many species of blue-green algae are able to use nitrogen
Total nitrogen
Total nitrogen refers to all nitrogen found in water: nitrogen bound in organic matter as well as dissolved nitrogen. Most of this nitrogen in water
Organic carbon
Organic carbon is one of the parameters of ambient water quality. The amount of either dissolved organic carbon (DOC) or total organic carbon (TOC) is
Transboundary river basin
Transboundary river basin refers to a water body that extends to both sides of a state border. Finland shares river basins with Sweden, Norway and
Restoration plan
A restoration plan is a written document concerning a water body restoration project. It shows which restoration measures will be carried out in a water
Zooplankton
Zooplankton consists of animals that drift or move slowly in water, most of which are microscopic. For example, zooplankton includes protozoa, rotifers and crustaceans. Their
Pollution load
Pollution load, or loading, refers to the amount of polluting substances entering a water body. The nitrogen load, for example, is the amount of nitrogen
Filamentous algae
Multicellular algae which form thread-like structures are known as filamentous algae. They typically grow on stone surfaces just below the waterline, but also on other
Algae bloom
Algae bloom refers to rapid proliferation of microscopic plankton, usually blue-green algae, in the surface layer of water. In reality the algae do not produce
Thermocline
Thermocline and halocline are vertical layers in a lake or sea where some characteristic of the water changes rapidly in the vertical direction. The layer
Oxygen depletion
Oxygen depletion is a situation where so little oxygen is available in the water or on the sediment surface that the biota suffers, dies or
Ecological status
The ecological status of surface waters is assessed using a five-step scale. The assessment is primarily based on biological quality elements, such as phytoplankton, aquatic
Soil filtration system
A soil filtration system is one option for treating wastewater in sparsely populated areas. It is based on biological activity on the surface of the
Helmi habitats programme
The aim of the Ministry of the Environment’s Helmi programme 2021–2030 is to foster biodiversity in Finland and safeguard the ecosystem services provided by nature.
Lake outlet
The outlet is the point in a lake where the waters are discharged downstream. The outlet determines the water level of the lake, which can
Capillary action
Capillary action regulates the flow of a liquid, such as water, in a very thin tube or pore structure. Capillary action makes it possible for
Sublittoral zone
The sublittoral zone is the shoreline zone below the lowest water level that is always covered with water.
Chemical oxygen demand
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) refers to the amount of oxygen consumed by substances in water in a chemical reaction. For example, humus and organic substances
Suspended solids
Suspended solids are solid particles in water, such as clay, silt or sometimes particulate organic carbon. The metric for solids in water is turbidity.
Soil infiltration
Soil infiltration is a simple way of treating wastewaters in sparsely populated areas. It can only be used for small volumes of wastewater which do
Soil moisture
Soil moisture describes the volume of water bound to the soil. Factors that influence soil moisture are soil type, precipitation, temperature, melting of snow, evaporation
Peak runoff control structure
A peak runoff control structure is a weir built in a sedimentation pond that can regulate the velocity of water flow. For instance, flow may
Collecting ditch
Collecting ditches are ditches into which waters from field drains or subsurface drains are led. Collecting ditches can be equipped with water protection structures, for
Perforated casing well
A perforated casing well, or slotted tubewell, is a tubular well immersed in the ground into which water filters through the slots in the tube
Frazil ice
Frazil ice (slush) consists of small ice crystals formed in the supercooled water of a river stretch with a strong and turbulent flow. Supercooling happens
Open channel
An open channel refers to an open conduit of water on the ground surface in which water usually flows towards lower elevation.
Soil frost
Soil frost, or ground frost, refers to a soil layer that hardens as the water contained in the soil freezes. Soil frost formation and depth
Frost heaving
Frost heaving refers to an increase in volume or change in physical characteristics of the soil as it freezes. This happens due to the freezing
Frazil ice dam
A frazil ice dam, or slush jam (hanging dam), is formed when frazil ice formed in supercooled water adheres to the bottom of a channel
Blue-green algae
Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) are photosynthetic bacteria that occur naturally in all bodies of surface water. Many species of blue-green algae are able to use nitrogen
Flood relief route
A flood relief route, or flood relief channel, is a route to which stormwaters are directed when the capacity of rainwater sewers has been exceeded.
Precipitation
Precipitation, or rainfall, indicates the amount of water falling onto the ground in different forms within a certain time. One millimetre of precipitation means that
Buffer zone
A buffer zone is a strip between a field or cut forest area and a water body that is not cultivated or managed and that
Enhanced nitrogen removal
Enhanced nitrogen removal refers to complementing standard wastewater treatment with special arrangements for removing nitrogen. Enhanced nitrogen removal is used especially at wastewater treatment plants
Transboundary river basin commission
A transboundary river basin commission, or transboundary water commission, is an intergovernmental body dealing with the management and use of water bodies extending to both
Natural drainage system
Natural drainage systems are drainage arrangements for fields which ensure the drainage capacity of channels and improve water quality. For example, pollution loads to water
Catchment restoration
Catchment restoration is a major part of a project to restore a water body. Its objective is to reduce the load entering the aquatic system
Inspection pipe
An inspection pipe is a vertical pipe installed in an individual pipeline to facilitate inspections and maintenance of the pipe system. Inspection pipes are installed
Frazil ice dam
A frazil ice dam, or hanging dam (slush jam), is created when frazil ice formed in supercooled water adheres to the bottom of a channel
Point source pollution
Point source pollution refers to pollution loading of water bodies from individual sources that can be measured. Point source pollution includes emissions from municipal and
Planktonic algae
Planktonic algae are microscopical algae that drift in the water along its currents. Planktonic algae are mostly single-cell organisms. They perform photosynthesis, produce oxygen in
Eutrophication
Eutrophication refers to the proliferation of algae and other organisms performing photosynthesis due to receiving more nutrients. This results in a wide range of changes:
Flood channel
A flood channel is either a natural or man-made channel in which water flows, or into which water is led, during a flood.
Submerged weir
A submerged weir is a dam structure or sill constructed below the water surface. It can be used to raise the water level of a
Retention basin
A retention basin is a basin intended for retaining stormwaters, and it only has water some of the time.
Biofiltration area
Biofiltration areas, swales and green roofs covered with vegetation are stormwater treatment systems into which stormwaters are directed and in which they are absorbed and
Spring complex
A spring complex refers to a connected area of land with groundwater influence, which may include open water springs, spring-fed brooks and streamlets as well
Seepage area
A seepage area is an area of land where groundwater seeps onto the ground surface with no clear discharge area or other open water surface.
River and lake system
A river and lake system, or water course, refers to a system of inland waters that discharge into the sea through the same river.
Nutrient load
Nutrient load, or nutrient loading, refers to the amount of nutrients, i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus, entering a water body. Nutrients can end up in water
Migratory fish
Migratory fish are fish species that hatch in streams, mature in the sea or a lake, and return to the same stream where they were
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll a is used as an indicator of phytoplankton biomass and of the general eutrophication status of a water body. The chlorophyll a concentration varies
Total phosphorus
Total phosphorus refers to all phosphorus found in water: phosphorus bound in soil particles and organic matter as well as dissolved phosphorus.
Hydropower
Hydropower is a form of energy production in which water flow and height differences are used to produce electricity. The share of hydropower in all
Minimum building elevation
Minimum building elevation refers to the level below which structures sensitive to drenching, such as the base floor of a building, should not be placed.
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gases are the gases in the atmosphere that maintain the greenhouse effect. They include carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide and freons. Emissions of
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a gaseous compound consisting of carbon and oxygen. Its chemical formula is CO2. Carbon dioxide occurs naturally in the Earth’s atmosphere at
Overflow discharge
Overflow discharge is a situation where wastewater ends up in the environment from the sewer network or a pumping station. Overflow discharges occur in exceptional
Regulation permit
A permit to regulate a water body is granted by the Regional State Administrative Agency. When considering a new regulation permit, the Regional State Administrative
Fisheries restoration
The aim of fisheries restoration measures is to revive or restore natural fish populations in a water body. These measures include regulating and controlling fishing,
Bifurcation
In hydrology, bifurcation refers to a flow that divides into two branches that no longer join together. Bifurcations can be divided into two main types:
Infiltration rate
Infiltration rate is the rate at which water infiltrates into the ground (mm/h).
Nature type
Nature type, or habitat type, refers to a water or land area characterized by certain biotic and abiotic features. Aquatic nature types include humic lakes
Stream restoration
The purpose of stream restoration is to achieve and safeguard the good ecological status of a river or other flowing water body and to promote
River basin
A river basin is an area from which all runoff waters flow into the sea through a brook, lake, river or estuary.
River basin district
A river basin district is an area consisting of one or more river basins for which water resources management plans are drawn up. There are
River basin management planning
The purpose of river basin management planning is to protect and improve the status of aquatic ecosystems. The Act on the Organisation of River Basin
Disinfection
Disinfection is a treatment phase in which bacteria and other microbes are destroyed. Disinfection is an important part of tap water production. Ozone, ultra-violate radiation
Flood protection level
Flood protection level refers to the recurrence interval or water level of a flood against which a building or activity is protected.
Pelagic zone
The pelagic or free water zone is the part of the surface or intermediate layer of the sea or a lake that is located outside
Pipeline inspection well
A pipeline inspection well, or a manhole, is a pit that enables checking that a sewer, stormwater or other drainage system is functioning properly as
Infiltration amount
Infiltration amount is the volume of rainwater that is filtered by the soil (mm).
Infiltration swale
An infiltration swale is a low-lying area or a trench with gently sloping sides that is usually dry and covered with vegetation. Stormwater may temporarily
Permeable surface
Unbuilt or built surface where rainwater is infiltrated into the ground, for instance sand or grass.
Cavity frost
Cavity frost is characteristic for soil with a friable structure, such as a ploughed field. It is formed when water freezes on cavity walls. Cavity
Surface run-off
Surface run-off is the amount of rainwater (mm) that, rather than being infiltrated into the ground, flows along the surface.
Massive soil frost
Massive soil frost is typical for dense soil types. It refers to uniform soil frost with no ice-free cavities or different layers of frost. Massive
Regulator well
A regulator well is a well connected to a subsurface drainage system used to regulate subsurface drainage runoff and thus the level of groundwater.
Urban flood
Urban floods are caused by heavy rainfall, fluvial flooding or coastal flooding as water builds up in streets, yards and other areas, from where it
Separate sewer system
A separate sewer system is a pipe system in which sewage and stormwaters are kept separate.
Calculation model
Calculation models are tools for assessing water quality, emissions or hydrological conditions when they cannot be measured directly, or anticipating them is necessary. Calculation models
Coastal flood
A coastal flood, or a sea water flood, is caused by an exceptionally high sea level and results in the flooding of land areas. Five
Grease ice
Grease ice is a very thin and shiny layer of ice that forms on a calm water surface overnight. Grease ice is easily broken by
Antifouling paint
Antifouling paints are paints applied to the bottoms of boats to prevent hard shell aquatic organisms, including barnacles, from attaching to them. Antifouling paints are
Benthic fauna
Benthic fauna are invertebrates which, at least at some stage of their life cycle, mainly live on the surfaces of the bottom or on stones,
Drainage notification
The purpose of a drainage notification is to enable the supervisory authorities to assess whether a water permit or drainage proceedings are needed for the
Ditch network maintenance
Ditch network maintenance refers to the cleaning of old ditches and possible excavation of additional ones. The purpose of ditch network maintenance is sufficient water
Ditch break
A ditch break is a ditch section that has not been excavated in drainage or ditch network maintenance. Ditch breaks reduce water flow velocity and
Dry season
A dry season can be determined on the basis of meteorological or hydrological criteria or by considering exposed sectors, including agriculture and water supply. The
Phosphorus Decree
The Phosphorus Decree applies to the use of phosphorus in agriculture and horticulture as well as in environmental construction and landscaping. The objective of the
Erosion control
The purpose of erosion control is to prevent soil erosion or, for example, to stop soil and nutrients leached from fields being carried to the
Nitrates Decree
The so-called Nitrates Decree (Government Decree on Limiting Certain Emissions from Agriculture and Horticulture, 1250/2014) is based on the EU Nitrates Directive (91/676/ EEC). The
Regulated lake
A regulated lake is a lake whose water level and flow are regulated by means of dams or other regulation structures. Around one third of
Land drainage
Land drainage refers to moving excess water that causes damage or harm or prevents cultivation or forestry practices away from the targeted land area. Land
Operational monitoring
Operational monitoring refers to an operator’s duty to monitor the impacts of the pollution they cause in a water body. Operational monitoring is based on
Arterial drainage
Arterial drainage includes excavation and clearing of main ditches, the building of small embankments and improving the water capacity of brooks carried out for drainage
Artificial lake
An artificial lake, or a man-made lake, is a lake built or dammed by humans. Artificial lakes have been built for many purposes. Many of
Hydraulic structure
A hydraulic structure is an embankment, stream deflector, pipe, dam or other structure intended, for example, to promote flood protection, land drainage or the use
Atmospheric deposition
Atmospheric deposition refers to materials that are deposited from the air into water or on the ground. The deposition can originate from nearby emissions or
Field ditch
A field ditch is a ditch between field parcels which conveys water to a collector drain.
Flame retardant
Flame retardants are chemical compounds that prevent ignition or slow down the spread of fire in a material. Flame retardants are used in textiles and
Flow regulation
Flow regulation refers to regulating the flow of water, for example by means of dam gates or power plant turbines.
Aquaculture
Aquaculture refers to the managed farming of fish, crayfish and other aquatic organisms in an inland water body, the sea or an artificial basin.
Internal load
Internal load, or internal loading, refers to a situation in which phosphorus previously bound to the bottom sediment is released back into the water. Internal
Plant nutrient
Plant nutrients are substances that plants need in order to grow. The most important plant nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Of these, nitrogen and
Blue-green algae toxins
Blue-green algae toxins are compounds produced by blue-green algae that are harmful to other organisms. Only some of the blue-green algae produce toxic compounds, and
Dinoflagellate
Dinoflagellates are relatively large single-cell algae that belong to phytoplankton. They usually have a hard shell and two flagella that enable them to move in
Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton mostly consists of single-cell algae that drift freely in water and obtain their energy from photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, are also usually included
Holding tank
A holding tank, also called a wastewater holding tank, is a container attached to the toilet seat in which both solid and liquid toilet waste
Submerged macrophyte
Submerged macrophytes are plant species that complete their entire life cycle submerged under water. Only its flowers may rise above the surface.